![]() The Western model had deep impacts not only on the restructuring of the Turkish state and society but also on the country’s foreign policy orientations. ![]() The research examines the contours, contents, and consequences of the problem through comparing two cases, namely the Cyprus problem of the 1970s and the crisis with the West that has surfaced after Turkey’s involvement in the Syrian Civil War.Įven before the establishment of modern Turkey in 1923, modernization had been closely associated with the so-called Western model and the ‘West’ had appeared for at least a century to be the most convenient and unrivalled model. ![]() This research particularly aims therefore to discuss the role of nationalism and Islamism on anti-Western sentiments in Turkish foreign policy through the lens of neo-classical realism and a new, broader conceptual framework: The Western Question. This applies to Turkey as well, despite its relatively long history of secularisation. In the Middle East, unlike the earlier partially secular and nationalist Cold War anti-Americanism, the current popular anti-Western political movements are heavily equipped with Islamism, which appears to be an all-inclusive ideology and political movement for almost all dissidents. ![]() Growing anti-Western sentiments around the world are currently manifesting themselves through divergent ways ranging from peaceful resistance movements to various forms of political violence. ![]()
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